Some behavior patterns are biologically prepared, meaning that they have been strengthened during the evolution and selective breeding of the dog. For example, golden retrievers have been bred to pick up and carry small game in their mouths. Thus they generally have an easier time learning retrieving behaviors than do some other types of dogs.
Knowledge of how dogs have evolved can be one key to designing an effective training program. Trainers and instructors should be wary of drawing too many conclusions directly from wolf behavior. However, while wolves and dogs have some behaviors in common, they are also quite different due to influences in their respective evolutionary histories. The behavior of dogs is specific to their species.
Likewise, it is important for trainers and instructors to understand the developmental stages of a dog's life. For example, a young puppy has a natural tendency to follow moving objects. Thus it is easiest to teach off-leash control to young dogs, who will readily follow a human and can then receive positive reinforcement for that behavior.
Trainers should:
- Have a working knowledge of the social and innate behavior of the dog. Be able to observe, interpret, and respond appropriately to canine body language.
- Have a working knowledge of behavioral tendencies as a result of breed, age, sex, and other individual characteristics. Be able to evaluate a particular dog's behavioral tendencies.
- Have a working knowledge of what is known about the perceptual abilities of dogs - especially sight, smell, and hearing.
- Have a working knowledge of what situations may trigger aggression and what actions can heighten or defuse it.
- Recognize the impact that aspects of daily care - including feeding, exercise, restraint, and interactions with people and other animals - can have on a dog's ability to learn.
